Primary and commercial references
This page records the sources used to define terminology, measurement, traceability, safety and current Applied Physics commercial pathways. External pages can change; product-specific decisions require current documents.
- ISO 80004-2: Nanotechnologies—Vocabulary—Part 2: Nano-objects
Formal terminology for particles, fibers, plates and nanoscale objects.
- Stöber, Fink and Bohn: Controlled growth of monodisperse silica spheres
Foundational sol-gel synthesis paper.
- NIST Policy on Metrological Traceability
Definition and evidence chain for traceable measurement results.
- NIST Physico-Chemical Measurement Protocols
Method, measurand and intermethod-comparison framework.
- NIST: Measuring nanoparticle size using TEM
Image-based sizing methodology.
- NIST: Particle-size measurements by electrical mobility
DMA-based size measurement across 50–400 nm spheres.
- NIST: Zeta-potential certified reference material
Condition-specific electrokinetic reference material.
- NIST: Silica nanoparticle aggregation characterization
Multi-method evaluation of silica aggregation behavior.
- NIOSH: Protecting workers during nanomaterial manufacturing and use
Occupational-exposure control guidance.
- Applied Physics: 20–200 nm silica nanoparticle family
Current commercial prepared-dispersion reference.
- Applied Physics: 250–1000 nm silica microsphere family
Current larger microsphere reference.
- Applied Physics: Dry silica powder families
Current broader dry-silica reference.
- Applied Physics: Silica contamination wafer standard
Current finished wafer-artifact reference.
Which source controls which decision?
| Decision | Primary source | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Terminology | Current standard or authoritative vocabulary | Prevents commercial naming from becoming a technical definition |
| Measurement result | Lot-specific certificate and method record | Controls the actual material received |
| Traceability | Certificate plus documented calibration chain and uncertainty | Traceability belongs to a defined result |
| Safety | Current SDS plus institutional risk assessment | Product form and process determine exposure controls |
| Commercial configuration | Current Applied Physics quotation | Controls size, medium, concentration, quantity, price and lead time |
| Application fitness | Validated user method and application evidence | A general product page cannot qualify every receiving system |
Competitors inform gaps—not our truth standard.
Cleanroom Metrology, Thermo Fisher and Bangs Laboratories were reviewed for terminology, product architecture and technical-library gaps. Their pages help identify the questions buyers see in the market. Primary standards, authoritative measurement sources and current Applied Physics evidence remain the preferred basis for technical claims.
Reference review date
Initial publication and technical review: August 16, 2026. Product URLs, commercial ranges and authority documents should be rechecked before major content updates, custom quotations or application claims.